Fosphenytoin Sodium
Indications
Fosphenytoin is indicated for short-term parenteral administration when other means of Phenytoin administration are unavailable, inappropriate or deemed less advantageous. Fosphenytoin can be used for the control of generalized convulsive status epilepticus and prevention and treatment of seizures occurring during neurosurgery or head injury. It can also be substituted, short-term, for oral Phenytoin.
The safety and effectiveness of Fosphenytoin in this use has not been systematically evaluated for more than 5 days.
The safety and effectiveness of Fosphenytoin in this use has not been systematically evaluated for more than 5 days.
Pharmacology
Fosphenytoin Sodium injection is a pro-drug intended for parenteral administration and its active metabolite is Phenytoin. Fosphenytoin Sodium injection is supplied in ampoule as a ready-mixed solution in Water for Injection BP and Tromethamine USP (TRIS), buffer adjusted to pH 8.6 to 9.0 with either Hydrochloric Acid NF or Sodium Hydroxide NF.
Dosage & Administration
The dose, concentration in dosing solutions, and infusion rate of IV Fosphenytoin is expressed as Phenytoin Sodium equivalents ; (Fosphenytoin Sodium 1.5 mg equivalent to Phenytoin Sodium 1 mg) to avoid the need to perform molecular weight-based adjustments when converting between Fosphenytoin and Phenytoin Sodium doses. Products with particulate matter or discoloration should not be used. Prior to IV infusion, dilute Fosphenytoin in 5% Dextrose or 0.9% Saline solution for injection to a concentration ranging from 1.5 to 25 mg PE/ml.
Status Epilepticus: By intravenous infusion (at a rate of 100-150 mg/minute), initially 15 mg/kg then by intramuscular injection or by intravenous infusion (at a rate of 50-100 mg/minute), 4-5 mg/kg daily in 1-2 divided doses, dose adjusted according to response and through plasma-phenytoin concentration.
Child 5 years and over: By intravenous infusion (at a rate of 2-3 mg/kg/minute), initially 15 mg/kg then by intravenous infusion (at a rate of 1-2 mg/kg/minute), 4-5 mg/kg daily in 1-4 divided doses, dose adjusted according to response and through plasma-phenytoin concentration.
Prophylaxis or treatment of seizures associated with neurosurgery or head injury: by intramuscular injection or by intravenous infusion (at a rate of 50-100 mg/minute, initially 10-15 mg/kg then by intramuscular injection or by intravenous infusion (at a rate of 50-100 mg/minute), 4-5 mg/kg daily (in 1-2 divided doses), dose adjusted according to response and through plasma-phenytoin concentration.
Child 5 years and over: By intravenous infusion (at a rate of 1-2 mg/kg/minute), initially 10-15 mg/kg then 4-5 mg/kg daily in 1-4 divided doses, dose adjusted according to response and through plasma-phenytoin concentration.
Temporary substitution for oral Phenytoin: By intramuscular injection or by intravenous infusion (at a rate of 50-100 mg/minute), same dose and dosing frequency as oral Phenytoin therapy.
Child 5 years and over: By intravenous infusion (at a rate of 1-2 mg/kg/minute), same dose and dosing frequency as oral Phenytoin therapy.
Patients with Renal or Hepatic Disease: After IV Fosphenytoin administration to patients with renal and/or hepatic disease, or in those with hypoalbuminemia, Fosphenytoin clearance to Phenytoin may be increased without a similar increase in Phenytoin clearance. This has the potential to increase the frequency and severity of adverse events.
Elderly: Age does not have a significant impact on the pharmacokinetics of Fosphenytoin following Fosphenytoin administration. Phenytoin clearance is decreased slightly in elderly patients and lower or less frequent dosing may be required.
Status Epilepticus: By intravenous infusion (at a rate of 100-150 mg/minute), initially 15 mg/kg then by intramuscular injection or by intravenous infusion (at a rate of 50-100 mg/minute), 4-5 mg/kg daily in 1-2 divided doses, dose adjusted according to response and through plasma-phenytoin concentration.
Child 5 years and over: By intravenous infusion (at a rate of 2-3 mg/kg/minute), initially 15 mg/kg then by intravenous infusion (at a rate of 1-2 mg/kg/minute), 4-5 mg/kg daily in 1-4 divided doses, dose adjusted according to response and through plasma-phenytoin concentration.
Prophylaxis or treatment of seizures associated with neurosurgery or head injury: by intramuscular injection or by intravenous infusion (at a rate of 50-100 mg/minute, initially 10-15 mg/kg then by intramuscular injection or by intravenous infusion (at a rate of 50-100 mg/minute), 4-5 mg/kg daily (in 1-2 divided doses), dose adjusted according to response and through plasma-phenytoin concentration.
Child 5 years and over: By intravenous infusion (at a rate of 1-2 mg/kg/minute), initially 10-15 mg/kg then 4-5 mg/kg daily in 1-4 divided doses, dose adjusted according to response and through plasma-phenytoin concentration.
Temporary substitution for oral Phenytoin: By intramuscular injection or by intravenous infusion (at a rate of 50-100 mg/minute), same dose and dosing frequency as oral Phenytoin therapy.
Child 5 years and over: By intravenous infusion (at a rate of 1-2 mg/kg/minute), same dose and dosing frequency as oral Phenytoin therapy.
Patients with Renal or Hepatic Disease: After IV Fosphenytoin administration to patients with renal and/or hepatic disease, or in those with hypoalbuminemia, Fosphenytoin clearance to Phenytoin may be increased without a similar increase in Phenytoin clearance. This has the potential to increase the frequency and severity of adverse events.
Elderly: Age does not have a significant impact on the pharmacokinetics of Fosphenytoin following Fosphenytoin administration. Phenytoin clearance is decreased slightly in elderly patients and lower or less frequent dosing may be required.
Interaction
No drugs are known to interfere with the conversion of Fosphenytoin to Phenytoin.
Drugs that may increase plasma Phenytoin concentrations include: Acute alcohol intake, Amiodarone, Chloramphenicol, Chlordiazepoxide, Cimetidine, Diazepam, Dicumarol, Disulfiram, Estrogens, Ethosuximide, Fluoxetine, H2-Antagonists, Halothane, Isoniazid, Methylphenidate, Phenothiazines, Phenylbutazone, Salicylates, Succinimides, Sulfonamides, Tolbutamide, Trazodone.
Drugs that may decrease plasma phenytoin concentrations include: Carbamazepine, chronic alcohol abuse, Reserpine.
Drugs that may either increase or decrease plasma Phenytoin concentrations include: Phenobarbital, Valproic Acid, and Sodium Valproate. Similarly, the effects of Phenytoin on Phenobarbital, Valproic Acid and Sodium plasma Valproate concentrations are unpredictable.
Drugs that may increase plasma Phenytoin concentrations include: Acute alcohol intake, Amiodarone, Chloramphenicol, Chlordiazepoxide, Cimetidine, Diazepam, Dicumarol, Disulfiram, Estrogens, Ethosuximide, Fluoxetine, H2-Antagonists, Halothane, Isoniazid, Methylphenidate, Phenothiazines, Phenylbutazone, Salicylates, Succinimides, Sulfonamides, Tolbutamide, Trazodone.
Drugs that may decrease plasma phenytoin concentrations include: Carbamazepine, chronic alcohol abuse, Reserpine.
Drugs that may either increase or decrease plasma Phenytoin concentrations include: Phenobarbital, Valproic Acid, and Sodium Valproate. Similarly, the effects of Phenytoin on Phenobarbital, Valproic Acid and Sodium plasma Valproate concentrations are unpredictable.
Contraindications
Fosphenytoin is contraindicated in patients who have demonstrated hypersensitivity to Fosphenytoin or its ingredients, or to Phenytoin or other Hydantoins. Fosphenytoin is also contraindicated in patients with sinus bradycardia, sino-atrial block, second and third degree A-V block, and Adams-Stokes syndrome.
Side Effects
The more important adverse clinical events caused by the IV use of Fosphenytoin or Phenytoin are cardiovascular collapse and/or central nervous system depression. Hypotension can occur when either drug is administered rapidly by the IV route. The rate of administration should not exceed 150 mg PE/min. The adverse clinical events most commonly observed were nystagmus, dizziness, pruritus, paresthesia, headache, somnolence, and ataxia. General Safety Advice: Intravenous infusion of Fosphenytoin has been associated with severe cardiovascular reactions including asystole, ventricular fibrillation, and cardiac arrest. Hypotension, bradycardia, and heart block have also been reported. The safety advices:
- Monitor heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory function for duration of infusion .
- Observe patient for at least 30 minutes after infusion.
- If hypotension occurs, reduce infusion rate or discontinue.
- Reduce dose or infusion rate in elderly, and in renal or hepatic impairment.
Pregnancy & Lactation
Pregnancy Category-D. Fosphenytoin is contraindicated during pregnancy. Because prenatal exposure to Phenytoin may increase the risks for congenital malformations and other adverse developmental outcomes. Breast-feeding is not recommended for women receiving Fosphenytoin.
Precautions & Warnings
Doses of Fosphenytoin are expressed as their Phenytoin Sodium equivalents in this labeling (PE=Phenytoin Sodium Equivalent). Do not, therefore, make any adjustment in the recommended doses when substituting Fosphenytoin for Phenytoin Sodium or vice versa. Fosphenytoin Sodium should always be prescribed and dispensed in Phenytoin Sodium equivalent units (PE). The following warnings are based on experience with Fosphenytoin or Phenytoin.
Status Epilepticus Dosing Regime: Do not administer Fosphenytoin at a rate greater than 150 mg PE/min. The dose of IV Fosphenytoin (15 to 20 mg PE/kg) that is used to treat status epilepticus is administered at a maximum rate of 150 mg PE/min. The typical Fosphenytoin infusion administered to a 50 kg patient would take between 5 and 7 minutes. If rapid Phenytoin loading is a primary goal, IV administration of Fosphenytoin is preferred.
Withdrawal Precipitated Seizure, Status Epilepticus: Antiepileptic drugs should not be abruptly discontinued because of the possibility of increased seizure frequency, including status epilepticus. When the need for dosage reduction, discontinuation, or substitution of alternative antiepileptic medication arises, this should be done gradually. However, in the event of an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction, rapid substitution of alternative therapy may be necessary.
Cardiovascular Depression: Fosphenytoin should be used with caution in patients with hypotension and severe myocardial insufficiency.
Rash: Fosphenytoin should be discontinued if a skin rash appears.
Hepatic Injury: Cases of acute hepatotoxicity, including infrequent cases of acute hepatic failure, have been reported with Phenytoin. In these patients with acute hepatotoxicity, Fosphenytoin should be immediately discontinued and not readministered.
Hemopoietic System: Hemopoietic complications, some fatal, have occasionally been reported in association with administration of Phenytoin. These have included thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia, agranulocytosis, and pancytopenia with or without bone marrow suppression.
Alcohol Use: Acute alcohol intake may increase plasma Phenytoin concentrations while chronic alcohol use may decrease plasma concentrations.
Phosphate Load: The phosphate load provided by Fosphenytoin (0.0037 mmol phosphate/mg PE Fosphenytoin) should be considered when treating patients who require phosphate restriction, such as those with severe renal impairment.
General: Fosphenytoin is not indicated for the treatment of absence seizures. Phenytoin and other Hydantoins are contraindicated in patients who have experienced Phenytoin hypersensitivity. Phenytoin has been infrequently associated with the exacerbation of porphyria. Phenytoin may also raise the serum glucose concentrations in diabetic patients.
Status Epilepticus Dosing Regime: Do not administer Fosphenytoin at a rate greater than 150 mg PE/min. The dose of IV Fosphenytoin (15 to 20 mg PE/kg) that is used to treat status epilepticus is administered at a maximum rate of 150 mg PE/min. The typical Fosphenytoin infusion administered to a 50 kg patient would take between 5 and 7 minutes. If rapid Phenytoin loading is a primary goal, IV administration of Fosphenytoin is preferred.
Withdrawal Precipitated Seizure, Status Epilepticus: Antiepileptic drugs should not be abruptly discontinued because of the possibility of increased seizure frequency, including status epilepticus. When the need for dosage reduction, discontinuation, or substitution of alternative antiepileptic medication arises, this should be done gradually. However, in the event of an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction, rapid substitution of alternative therapy may be necessary.
Cardiovascular Depression: Fosphenytoin should be used with caution in patients with hypotension and severe myocardial insufficiency.
Rash: Fosphenytoin should be discontinued if a skin rash appears.
Hepatic Injury: Cases of acute hepatotoxicity, including infrequent cases of acute hepatic failure, have been reported with Phenytoin. In these patients with acute hepatotoxicity, Fosphenytoin should be immediately discontinued and not readministered.
Hemopoietic System: Hemopoietic complications, some fatal, have occasionally been reported in association with administration of Phenytoin. These have included thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia, agranulocytosis, and pancytopenia with or without bone marrow suppression.
Alcohol Use: Acute alcohol intake may increase plasma Phenytoin concentrations while chronic alcohol use may decrease plasma concentrations.
Phosphate Load: The phosphate load provided by Fosphenytoin (0.0037 mmol phosphate/mg PE Fosphenytoin) should be considered when treating patients who require phosphate restriction, such as those with severe renal impairment.
General: Fosphenytoin is not indicated for the treatment of absence seizures. Phenytoin and other Hydantoins are contraindicated in patients who have experienced Phenytoin hypersensitivity. Phenytoin has been infrequently associated with the exacerbation of porphyria. Phenytoin may also raise the serum glucose concentrations in diabetic patients.
Overdose Effects
Nausea, vomiting, lethargy, tachycardia, bradycardia, asystole, cardiac arrest, hypotension, syncope, hypocalcemia, metabolic acidosis, and death have been reported in cases of overdosage with Fosphenytoin. Initial symptoms of acute Phenytoin toxicity are nystagmus, ataxia, and dysarthria. Treatment is nonspecific since there is no known antidote to Fosphenytoin or Phenytoin overdosage. The adequacy of the respiratory and circulatory systems should be carefully observed, and appropriate supportive measures employed. Hemodialysis can be considered since Phenytoin is not completely bound to plasma proteins. Total exchange transfusion has been used in the treatment of severe intoxication in children. In acute overdosage the possibility of other CNS depressants, including alcohol, should be borne in mind.
Therapeutic Class
Adjunct anti-epileptic drugs
Storage Conditions
Store at 2°C to 8°C (in a refrigerator). Do not keep in deep freeze. The product should not be stored at room temperature for more than 48 hours. Ampoules that develop particulate matter should not be used. Keep out of the reach of children.
