Milnacipran is a potent inhibitor of neuronal norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake in approximately 1:3 ratio respectively. These actions simultaneously works synergistically to treat both depression and fibromyalgia and also improve multiple fibrom...

Metoclopramide blocks dopamine receptors and in higher doses, it also blocks serotonin receptors in chemoreceptor trigger zone of the CNS. It enhances the response to acetylcholine of tissue in upper GI tract causing enhanced motility and accelerated...

Methylprednisolone, a naturally occurring glucocorticoid (hydrocortisone and cortisone), which has also salt-retaining properties, is used as replacement therapy in adrenocortical deficiency states. This synthetic analog is primarily used for its pot...

methylphenidate (MPH) has been shown to act as a norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), thereby increasing the presence of these neurotransmitters in the extraneuronal space and prolonging their action. There is a dose-related effect...

Vildagliptin acts primarily by inhibiting DPP-4 (Dipeptidyl peptidase-4), the enzyme responsible for the degradation of the incretin hormones GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). The administration o...

This tablet combines two antihyperglycemic agents with complementary mechanisms of action to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, and Metformin HCl, a member of the biguan...

Pioglitazone depends on the presence of insulin for its mechanism of action. Pioglitazone decreases insulin resistance in the periphery and in the liver resulting in increased insulindependent glucose disposal and decreased hepatic g...

Metformin is a biguanide type oral antihyperglycemic drug used in the management of type 2 diabetes. It lowers both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. Its mechanism of action is different from those of sulfonylureas and it does not produce hypogl...

Fluoxetine has been shown to selectively inhibit the reuptake of serotonin at the presynaptic neuronal membrane which causes increased synaptic concentration of serotonin in the CNS. This result in numerous functional changes associated with enhanced...

Ramipril is an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, which after hydrolysis to ramiprilat, blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor substance, angiotensin II. So, inhibition of ACE by ramipril results in...

Angiotensin-II formed from angiotensin-I in a reaction catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), is a potent vasoconstrictor, the primary vasoactive hormone of the renin-angiotensin system and an important component in the pathophysiology of...

Irbesartan: Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor formed from angiotensin I in a reaction catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE, kininase II). Angiotensin II is the principal pressor agent of the RAS and also stimulate...

Thiazides such as hydrochlorothiazide promote water loss from the body (diuretics). They inhibit Na⁺/Cl^- reabsorption from the distal convoluted tubules in the kidneys. Thiazides also cause loss of potassium and an increase in s...

Haloperidol is a butyropherone derivative with antipsychotic properties that has been considered particularly effective in the management of hyperactivity, agitation and mania. Haloperidol is an effective neuroleptic and also possesses antiemetic pro...

Glucosamine is a naturally occurring compound for the body's production of joint lubricants and shock absorbers necessary to maintain healthy cartilage and joint function. Glucosamine hydrochloride is a prodrug for glucosamine that is well absorbed a...

Metformin is a biguanide antihyperglycemic agent, which improves glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes, lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. Its pharmacological mechanisms of action are different from other classes of ora...

Flupentixol Dihydrochloride is a low dose neuroleptic of the thioxanthene group. In low doses (up to 3 mg/day)
flupentixol has an anxiolytic, antidepressive and mood stabilizing effect and certain, activating properties. It acts mainly through a...

Epirubicin Hydrochloride, an anthracycline with cytotoxic properties. It inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis by steric obstruction after intercalating between DNA base pairs that triggers DNA cleavage by topoisomerase II. It also inhibits DNA helicase and...

Flavoxate acts as a direct antagonist at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in cholinergically innervated organs. Its anticholinergic-parasympatholytic action reduces the tonus of smooth muscle in the bladder, effectively reducing the number of requi...